Graduate Study Challenges and Strategies for Success

Graduate Study Challenges and Strategies for Success Lea Smith HCS/504 February 28, 2011 Marilyn Ketchum Graduate Study Challenges and Strategies for Success Students face many challenges when pursing graduate studies. Setting goals for oneself is a good way to map out what they want to accomplish and also a way to help them overcome challenges when they occur. If a student takes the time to make a list of what challenges that may arise and how he or she will overcome those challenges, this will also make for smoothing sailing during graduate studies. Also possessing good communications skills are also the key ones success. Goals Pursuing my master’s degree was something that I always wanted to do since graduating from†¦show more content†¦My planner for everything else shows me when I have other actives going on so I do not over schedule myself. Prioritize. According to Carter, Bishop, and Kravits (2007), prioritizing helps you identify important tasks and to focus most of your time and energy on them. Since, I have all my activities identified in my planners it will make it easy to see what I have to do and I will be able to list and do those activities in order of importance. For example, if I have to write a paper for school, referee a game at eight o’clock pm and have a show for my home-based business at two o’clock pm. I will probably do my paper first to get that out of the way then go to the show and then referee the game. No Background. At this moment in time my background in health administration is minimal. I have administrative experience but the health care experience is lacking. I think that because of the lack of health care knowledge some of the course I will be taking will be a little more challenging then for someone who has a health care background. By doing extra research and asking questions when I do not understand will help me get through those tough courses. Landing a Job. With no background in health care I think that I am going to have a hard time even getting an entry-level position. When applying for jobs most of the descriptions say, they are looking for someone with experience,Show MoreRelatedGraduate Studies Challenges and Strategies for Success Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesGraduate Study Challenges and Strategies for Success James HCS 504 August 2, 2010 Anne Graduate Study Challenges and Strategies for Success Making the decision to go back to school after many years within the workforce was a difficult decision. Before making that decision, I had to research the challenges that graduate students face during their studies. In my research, I have found that three of the most challenging obstacles that will affect my studies during my desire to achieve a higherRead MoreGraduate Study: Challenges and Strategies for Personal Success1341 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: GRADUATE STUDY: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES FOR PERSONAL SUCCESS Graduate Study: Challenges and Strategies for Personal Success fjazon HCS/504 October 24, 2011 Elwanda Whitaker Introduction Why go out of my comfort zone and take up graduate school, knowing the hardship and sacrifices that goes with it? This paper will attempt to answer this question by laying out the reasons and benefits of pursuing graduate studies. It will explore my goals, the challenges and the strategiesRead MoreGraduate Study Challenges and Strategies for Success Essay864 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: GRADUATE STUDY CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESS Graduate Study Challenges and Strategies for Success Graduates Study Challenges and Strategies for Success Making my decision to go to graduate school through an online program was difficult. I had no idea what to expect. However, with my administrator’s advice and encouragement, I decided to start on this new endeavor and take the challenge. My only experience as a student has been the traditional classroom, which aloneRead MoreGraduate Study Challenges and Strategies and Strategies for Personal Success1009 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Graduate Study Challenges and Strategies for Personal Success University of Phoenix Introduction to Graduate Studies in Health Science / Nursing HCS/504 03/3/2014 Instructor: Michelle Dorin By Gwendoria Buckles Graduate Study Challenges and Strategies for Personal Success Keeping your eyes on your personal goals and professional goals is key to staying focused and obtaining them in a timely fashion. Knowing your personal goals and balancing yourRead MoreGraduate Study Challenges and Strategies for Personal Success1589 Words   |  7 Pagesthings are the tools to excel and guarantee success in both professional and personal arenas. Pursuing a graduate study and improving communication skills are a few of many ways I chose to guarantee my personal and professional success. It wasn’t easy taking the decision to pursue a graduate study, and like all major decisions in one’s life, it comes with challenges, which were of an emotional, financial, and organizational nature in my case. To facilitate success, setting goals is most commonly seen asRead MoreGraduate Study Challenges and Strategies for Success Essay850 Words   |  4 PagesGraduate Study Challenges and Strategies for Success In my current role as a nurse educator I feel the desire to pursue my dream of obtaining a master’s degree, specializing in nursing education. It has been 27 years since I have sat in the student chair in a classroom; therefore, I anticipate a number of challenges and barriers to overcome. In this paper I will present and describe three challenges that I expect to be faced with over the next two years. I will also discuss the strategies IRead MoreChallenges And Strategies For Personal Success1243 Words   |  5 Pages Challenges and strategies for personal success Name Course Tutor Date Outline 1. Introduction 2. Personal and professional goals 3. Reasons for pursuing graduate studies 4. Challenges 5. Strategies to overcome the challenges 6. Milestones 7. Analysis of strengths and weaknesses 8. Improving communication 9. Conclusion 10. References Introduction Graduate school enhances the opportunity for an individual to achieve his or her personal and professional goalsRead MoreMy Challenges and Strategies for Personal Success764 Words   |  4 PagesMy Challenges and Strategies for Personal Success Lydia Veluz Reyes HCS/504 Version 6 February 15, 2012 Mary Eacott My Challenges and Strategies for Personal Success in Graduate School Introduction Graduate study is indeed a huge challenge for me. I have been out of academic school for 38 years. I could imagine how other students are experiencing. Seeking further education, requires well planned directions and commitment. I believe these challenges will need strategies for my personalRead MoreGraduate School: Overcoming Barriers to Success1274 Words   |  6 PagesGraduate School: Overcoming Barriers to Success Graduate School: Overcoming Barriers to Success The decision to attend graduate school can be one of immense commitment and responsibility. Success requires rigorous planning and well-defined goals, both short-term and long-term. Exceptional communication skills are also necessary to interact effectively with fellow classmates and faculty. Although completion of a Master’s program opens doors to many professional career opportunities, it does notRead MoreGraduate School: Overcoming Barriers to Success1284 Words   |  6 PagesGraduate School: Overcoming Barriers to Success Kasey Kiesler HCS/504 September 24, 2012 Professor Brenda Harton Graduate School: Overcoming Barriers to Success The decision to attend graduate school can be one of immense commitment and responsibility. Success requires rigorous planning and well-defined goals, both short-term and long-term. Exceptional communication skills are also necessary to interact effectively with fellow classmates

The Mask Of Command ( London ) - 1843 Words

John Keegan is a British military historian, lecturer. He is also author of The Mask of Command (London, 1987). Keegan is best known for his comprehensive works on military history, with particular focus on military figures and battles from fourteenth through twenty-first centuries. Keegan is also known for uncovering the psychology used in battle. In that respect, Keegan points out effectively the technical aspects of warfare, particularly relates to Alexander the Great, Arthur Wellesley Wellington, U.S. Grant, and Adolph Hitler in the Mask of Command. The Mask of Command separated into five parts. Although each part is separate unto itself, the parts are frequently referenced in other areas in term of comparison. Although The Mask of Command was written 30 years ago, it continues to stand up as an excellent examination of military leadership for the general reader. Each leader is analyzed as a product of the society they are raised in, and why they were so successful based on the political/military system they were born into and used. His book’s main theme is how character of generalship over two thousand years of Western history is changed. In that case, he uses four case studies of Alexander the Great, the Duke of Wellington, Ulysses Grant and Adolf Hitler, to support his thesis, and he points out numerous historical comparisons to widen the study s focus. In his introduction part of book, pre-heroic leadership, John Keegan s describes his book as, a book aboutShow MoreRelatedThe Mask Of Command ( London )2122 Words   |  9 PagesJohn Keegan, author of The Mask of Command (London, 1987), is a British military historian, lecturer. Keegan is best known for his comprehensive works on military history, with particular focus on military figures and battles from fourteenth through twenty-first centuries. Keegan also worked on uncovering the psychology which was used in battle. In that respect, in the Mask of Command, Keegan points out effectively the broad aspects of warfare. The Mask of Command breaks into five parts. These includeRead MoreProtocol Stack, Subnetting And Results1356 Words   |  6 PagesWithin the subnetting section, I will produce a guide on subnetting an IP address. Within, the results section, screenshots of composing and receiving email will be shown, also screenshots displaying the webpage of web server and outputs of 2 show commands on routing and switching devices. Protocol Stack There are 2 different protocol stacks; TCP/IP and OSI protocol stacks. Both consists of multiple layers and the encapsulation process takes place within each layer. Encapsulation defines sending dataRead MoreVisual Representations Of Propaganda And Divinity1236 Words   |  5 Pagesreligious or about the rulers. Whether they depicted gods of pantheons or themselves as god kings, art wasn’t the art we think of today. Knowing this we can proceed with the examination of two very recognizable pieces of divine rulers, The Funerary Mask of Tutankhamun and the Head of an Akkadian Ruler. The pieces were created around a thousand years apart, but they both represent stylized rulers who thought they were divine. Beginning with the Head of an Akkadian Ruler we see a glorious life sizeRead MoreThe History Of Photography798 Words   |  4 Pagespageant shot from the early 1930s. These ladies were contestants in the Miss Lovely Eyes pageant, and the reason for the unsightly masks was so that judges’ focus would remain on just the eyes of these sweeties with pretty peepers. https://ridiculouslyinteresting.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/melted-and-damaged-mannequins-after-fire-in-madame-tussauds-wax-museum-in-london-19251.jpg This alarming photo from 1925 does not showcase beheaded and badly burned and injured mortals. These are damaged wax figuresRead MoreDaniel Haddad The SR-71 Blackbird The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird is an advanced, long-range, mach 3 +900 Words   |  4 Pages80.000 feet faced two main survival problems, incluiding maintaining consciousness at such high altitudes, and surviving the ejection in such a case. Even with a standard pressure demand oxygen mask , human lungs could not absorb oxygen quickly enough above 43,000 ft. The pressure difference inside the mask versus the cockpit pressure on the chest also makes exhalation extremely difficult. As it is easily fathomable, not getting oxygen under the trying circumstances of flying at mach 3 while flyingRead MoreCcna2678 Words   |  11 PagesThe prefix of the computer address is /27. The IP address that is assigned to the computer is routable on the Internet. The IP address that is assigned to the computer is a broadcast address. 2. As network administrator, what is the subnet mask that allows 510 hosts given the IP address 172.30.0.0? 255.255.0.0 255.255.248.0 255.255.252.0 255.255.254.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.128 3. Which OSI layers offers reliable, connection-oriented data communication services? applicationRead MoreCcna 1 Final Exam2820 Words   |  12 Pagesping a printer that is functioning properly on the local network segment. Which action will verify that the TCP/IP stack is functioning correctly on this PC? Use the ipconfig /all command at the hostï ¿ ½s command prompt. X  Use the ping 127.0.0.1 command at the command prompt. Use the traceroute command at the command prompt to identify any failures on the path to the gateway. Use FTP to check for connectivity to remote sites. Download a troubleshooting tool from the PC manufacturer s website. Read MoreThere Is No I in Government: George Orwell ´s 1984 Novel1230 Words   |  5 Pagesmystery, suspense, and futuristic universe. The book and the movie, respectively, are much more than simple narratives. Using dark dystopian settings, the authors show how futuristic societies are instead tyrannized by their fearsome governments who mask themselves in a utopian ideal. The protagonists, Orwell’s Winston Smith and McTeigue’s V, realize the corrupted totalitarian nature of their government as they plan to break free from their ruling power. While almost six decades separate these twoRead MoreEssay on Little Red Riding Hood 917 Words   |  4 Pages He gradually formulates a strategy to hoodwink the adolescent into entrusting him. By doing this, he reveals that the author subconsciously believes men to be of such evasiveness. He seems gentle and kind, but his true character lies under the mas k of kindness. 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Islams Early Interactions with Judaism and Christianity Free Essays

Chantel Hunt MNE 347 Palestinian Studies Bashir Bashir ISLAMS EARLY INTERACTIONS WITH JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY Because of its harsh desert environment, the Arabian Peninsula was left relatively unmolested by the several competing empires that swept through the Fertile Crescent just north of it in the early centuries before Islam. At the beginning of the 7th Century, the Byzantine and Sassanid empires were embroiled in a 26-year war for supremacy, which had a lasting cultural impact on the Arabs of the Peninsula eventually leading to the emergence and subsequent explosion of Islam into the monotheistic sphere. The interaction Islam had with existing religions led to a unique monotheism better suited to the Arabs, yet still maintained traditional elements with Judaism and Christianity, even enabling it to fall under the Abrahamic title. We will write a custom essay sample on Islams Early Interactions with Judaism and Christianity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Monotheism was initially introduced through trade. According to Jonathon Berkey, â€Å"†¦the exchange of people and ideas between Arabs of the interior and predominantly Aramaic-speaking inhabitants of Syria was, and had been for centuries, a routine element of life. That exchange touched on religious matters†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (64). Elements of these religions competed and intermingled with existing Arab paganism and traditions, creating a unique take on â€Å"the one God† that was much better suited to the Arabs than the politically-charged imperial baggage of the former traditions. Islam holds many similarities with the religions it sprung from besides its monotheism and devotion to the idea of a â€Å"true God,† yet even these similarities come with a unique Arabian flavor. These include a prophet-messenger, a holy book of scripture, and an ancestral link to the Abrahamic line. The idea of a special kind of person able to transcend mortal boundaries to commune with deity and transmit knowledge or specific messages to mankind has been an integral part of the Judeo-Christian experience. There are many prophets throughout Torah and Old Testament including Noah, Samuel, and Isaiah. The New Testament continues this tradition with the addition of new messengers from God (though not by the term prophets) such as John the Baptist, Jesus Christ the declared Son of God, and his disciples, the apostles. Islam adds one more prophet to the scene—Muhammad. Muslims view Muhammad as the greatest and last messenger of God. Muhammad’s message was similar to the previously accepted prophets: to turn aside from false devotions and to worship the only true God in the right way. Like other Biblical prophets, Muhammad’s message was initially unpopular towards the masses, necessitating his flight to what became Medina (Esposito History of Islam 8). Despite initial troubles, however, Muhammad gained a considerable following and was able to later turn the tide against his former oppressors, and subdue them in a way no prophet of the earlier traditions was able to do: as a political conqueror (Esposito, History of Islam 8-11). Unifying several Arabian tribes created the beginning of an empire that would bring the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires to their knees and open up the spread of Islam to the whole world. Also significant to each Abrahamic denomination was the creation of a holy book. Each consists of compilations of sacred texts, considered to be the words of God or of his prophets, though the original texts from which our modern ones are comprised of are non-existent today. It is generally assumed by many scholars that each text has likely been through apocryphal revisions and retellings before getting to us in their current state, but many adherents to Jewish and Christian faiths still view their books as the pure transmitted words of God. The holy book of Islam, the Qur’an, is also a compilation of revelations regarded as divine, though unlike the other sacred texts, it is only credited to one â€Å"receiver. † According to Muslim tradition, the Qur’an was preserved in both oral and written formats by Muhammad and his secretaries exactly as he had been given them from Allah, and were compiled in precise order of revelation and in their entirety (Esposito, Islam: the Straight Path 137). Yet like its contemporaries, it was not completed in written form while the receiver writer of the revelations lived. The Qur’an was compiled during the reign of Muhammad’s third successor, Uthman, leaving a window (admittedly a much smaller one than of the Jewish and Christian texts) where possible changes or mistakes in oral or written transmission may have occurred. In addition to a prophet and a holy book, Islam created a third link with the previous traditions giving it a higher sense of legitimac y and authority. Islam claims a direct ancestral link to Abraham—the great prophet to whom God promised nations of posterity, the land of Canaan and religious stewardship. Judaic and Christian traditions trace their spiritual ancestry to Abraham through Isaac, Abraham’s son born to his legitimate wife, Sara. Islam instead, connects their heritage to Abraham through his first son Ishmael, born to Sara’s Egyptian handmaid, Hagar. Each separate tradition maintains that their particular son of Abraham was the favored son and heir to both the temporal and divine. There are many other similarities Islam has with its older brother religions, but it is by no means a copy or mere synthesis of them either. While drawn to many aspects of the new religions that had sifted to them from the north, the Arabs had a substantially different religious, political, and economic environment than origins of Judaism and Christianity, making many doctrines and practices of the religions completely foreign and ill-suited to Arab sensibilities. Islam has many similar components with the other two religions making its association with the other religions under Abraham a commonly accepted one. However, the unique political and spiritual environment of Arabia created unique elements in Islam not to be found anywhere else, and is possibly responsible for its exponential rate it acquired followers. Works Cited Berkey, Jonathan Porter. The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 00-1800. New York: Cambridge UP, 2003. Esposito, John L. Islam: the Straight Path. New York: Oxford UP, 1998 Esposito, John L. The Oxford History of Islam. New York: Oxford UP, 1999 *As I could not find the original books to get exact page numbers, I used the page numbers given in our packet of materials instead for those ideas that came from them. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Qur’an 47:19. See also Exodus 20:3 in the Bible How to cite Islams Early Interactions with Judaism and Christianity, Essay examples

More Fallacies Quiz free essay sample

More Fallacies Quiz I (See related pages) Results Reporter| | Out of 3 questions, you answered 2 correctly with a final grade of 67%| | | | | | 2 correct (67%)| | | | 1 incorrect (33%)| | | | 0 unanswered (0%)| | | Your Results:| The correct answer for each question is indicated by a . | - Top of Form Please answer all questions. | 1 CORRECT| | It is fair to say that all rhetorical devices tempt us to accept a claim or modify our position on an issue without our having a good reason for doing so. | | | A)| True| | B)| False| | | | | | Feedback: Reason is not the only thing that affects beliefs, attitudes, and feelings. Rhetorical devices employ everything but reason to influence someones acceptance of a claim. | | 2 INCORRECT| | An appeal to ignorance is an ad hominem attack where the intelligence of the arguer is impugned. | | | A)| True| | | B)| False| | | | | | | | 3 CORRECT| | It is fallacious to conclude that a persons claim should be dismissed if it is determined that they are hypocritical on the subject. | | | A)| True| | | B)| False| | | | | | Feedback: To do so would be to commit an ad hominem fallacy. Whether the person making the claim is a hypocrite, an ax murderer, omniscient, or more devoted to the imperative not to lie than Immanuel Kant, should be irrelevant in judging the argument they are forwarding. | More Fallacies Quiz II (See related pages) Results Reporter| | Out of 27 questions, you answered 13 correctly with a final grade of 48%| | | | | | 13 correct (48%)| | | | 14 incorrect (52%)| | | | 0 unanswered (0%)| | | Your Results:| The correct answer for each question is indicated by a . Top of Form | 1 CORRECT| | From the list below, select the name of the rhetorical device that attacks the arguer instead of the argument. | | | A)| Slippery slope| | | B)| Begging the question| | | C)| False dilemma| | | D)| Ad hominem| | | E)| Burden of proof| | | F)| Straw man| | | | | | Feedback: When analyzing an argument, the internal claimsmdash;premisesmdash;are fair game for attack. The qualities of the person making the argument are not fair game because they arent pertinent to the argument itself. | | 2 INCORRECT| | From the list below, select the name of the rhetorical device that unfairly places the onus of providing evidence for a position on the wrong side of an issue. | | | A)| Slippery slope| | | B)| Begging the question| | | C)| False dilemma| | | D)| Ad hominem| | | E)| Burden of proof| | | F)| Straw man| | | | | | | | 3 CORRECT| | From the list below, select the name of the rhetorical device that ignores an opponents actual position and instead presents and attacks a distorted, oversimplified, or misrepresented version of that position. | | | A)| Slippery slope| | B)| Begging the question| | | C)| False dilemma| | | D)| Ad hominem| | | E)| Burden of proof| | | F)| Straw man| | | | | | Feedback: This is, arguably, the most frustrating fallacy to combat when its hurled at you. To stay engaged in the debate, you must first untangle and correct the distortions, oversimplifications, and misrepresented versions your opponent is working with. Then, you may proceed with your rebuttal. Of cou rse, all your opponent has to do is continue creating straw men out of everything you say and youll remain occupied for as long as he wants you to be. It is often best to refuse to deal with people who have no qualms about using this rhetorical technique (if at all possible). | | 4 CORRECT| | From the list below, select the name of the rhetorical device that limits consideration to only two alternatives when there are, in fact, more than two. | | | A)| Slippery slope| | | B)| Begging the question| | | C)| False dilemma| | | D)| Ad hominem| | | E)| Burden of proof| | | F)| Straw man| | | | | | Feedback: If the flight attendant told you that you could have cream or sugar in your tea, when there was also milk and honey available, then s/hed be presenting you with a false dilemma. | 5 CORRECT| | From the list below, select the name of the rhetorical device that claims we must continue a certain course of action since we have already begun that course. | | | A)| Slippery slope| | | B)| Begging the question| | | C)| False dilemma| | | D)| Ad hominem| | | E)| Burden of proof| | | F)| Straw man| | | | | | Feedback: If, for instance, y ou say Thats OK when someone accidentally steps on our toes, then the next time they carelessly bump into you and step on your toes and you say Thats OK, then the next time they (intentionally? ) step on your toes, you also say Thats OK continue to gradually escalate the examples until} they beat youup and you say Thats abuse. , if they say Well youve always said it was OK before and put up with it, so you cant suddenly say it isnt. You must continue to put up with it. , then they have committed the slippery slope fallacy. | | 6 CORRECT| | From the list below, select the name of the rhetorical device that tempts us to believe there is a necessary connection between one thing happening and some other thing happening when, in fact, there is no such necessary connection. | | | A)| Slippery slope| | | B)| Begging the question| | C)| False dilemma| | | D)| Ad hominem| | | E)| Burden of proof| | | F)| Straw man| | | | | | Feedback: If someone uses a slippery slope fallacy to convince y ou that there is a necessary connection between trying marijuana once and ending up strung out on heroin, their reasons will gradually build on the marijuana use to the use of harder substances to the addiction thereof, until finally they conclude with the worst scenario. Be cautious of dismissing all slippery slopes out of hand because some do have necessary connections from the least to greatest eventa nuclear meltdown, for example. | 7 CORRECT| | From the list below, select the name of the rhetorical device that asks us to accept premises that are as controversial as the conclusion being argued for and which are controversial on the same grounds. | | | A)| Slippery slope| | | B)| Begging the question| | | C)| False dilemma| | | D)| Ad hominem| | | E)| Burden of proof| | | F)| Straw man| | | | | | Feedback: g. the argument God exists because God exists is logically valid, however it is circular because the very thing we are trying to prove is being assumed in the premise. There fore, although valid, it is fallacious. Although this is such an obvious example of circularity, or begging the question, most cases are not. | | 8 CORRECT| | Poisoning the well and argument from inconsistency are versions of which of the following types of rhetorical devices? | | | A)| Slippery slope| | | B)| Begging the question| | | C)| False dilemma| | | D)| Ad hominem| | | E)| Burden of proof| | | F)| Straw man| | | | | | Feedback: This is due to the fact that the attack is not within the scope of the argument, but at the person delivering the argument. | Choose the fallacy at work in these examples. | 9 CORRECT| | Either join in political life or resign yourself to a lonely and meaningless existence. | | | A)| False dilemma| | | B)| Circumstantial ad hominem| | | C)| Appeal to ignorance| | | D)| Poisoning the well| | | E)| Genetic fallacy| | | | | | Feedback: There are, in fact, other choices for living a meaningful life, and doing so with company. | | 10 CORRECT| | You have to discount Mr. McGills views on abortion. As a member of the Pre-Natal Liberation Organization, he cant help being prejudiced. | | | A)| Appeal to ignorance| | | B)| Burden of proof| | | C)| Circumstantial ad hominem| | D)| Line-drawing fallacy| | | E)| Perfectionist fallacy| | | | | | Feedback: A persons circumstances do add dimension to their views, however, arguments themselves should stand or fall on their own merit, and not by how the proponent of the view came to believe in it. | | 11 CORRECT| | You should bathe three times a day in a tub of whole milk to keep your skin looking young. No one has ever proved tha t it doesnt work. | | | A)| Genetic fallacy| | | B)| Slippery slope| | | C)| Appeal to ignorance| | | D)| Line-drawing fallacy| | | E)| Perfectionist fallacy| | | | | | Feedback: This appeal to ignorance, i. . the fact that we dont know that it doesnt work, operates by shifting the burden of proof from the person making the claim to anyone who would care to refute it. | | 12 CORRECT| | Defense lawyer Robert Baker at O. J. Simpsons civil trial: This isnt a fight for justice, its a fight for money. | | | A)| False dilemma| | | B)| Slippery slope| | | C)| Begging the question| | | D)| Line-drawing fallacy| | | E)| Perfectionist fallacy| | | | | | Feedback: It could be a fight for both or neither (in which case there would be a third alternative, or more, to choose from). | | 13 INCORRECT| | Letter to the editor: Now the Dallas Police have dismissed the rape charges against Michael Irvin and Erik Williams. Excuse me if Im suspicious of the Dallas Police Department. Im old enough to remember Lee Harvey Oswald being shot to death with the Dallas Police escorting him. | | | A)| Poisoning the well| | | B)| Genetic fallacy| | | C)| Burden of proof| | | D)| Perfectionist fallacy| | | E)| Line-drawing fallacy| | | | | | | | 14 CORRECT| | Before you go getting all excited about the ancient Greek ideal of leisure and learning, remember that it was built on the backs of slaves. How do you think they liked the sight of all those philosophers? Not much. | | | A)| Poisoning the well| | | B)| Genetic fallacy| | | C)| Slippery slope| | | D)| Begging the question| | | E)| Straw man| | | | | | Feedback: If the philosophical ideal of leisure and learning was built on the backs of slaves, then thats a good reason to criticize the ideal as it played out in ancient Greece. However, the philosophical ideal, as it plays out now, is immune from such criticism unless an argument can be made for present day slave support. | | 15 INCORRECT| | Once your kids are watching cartoons, theyre also watching those toy commercials. If they see the commercials theyll want the toys; before you know it, theyre obsessed with the toys and youve lost all control over them. So dont let children watch cartoons. | | | A)| Genetic fallacy| | | B)| Slippery slope| | | C)| Burden of proof| | | D)| Begging the question| | | E)| Straw man| | | | | | | | 16 INCORRECT| | Tomorrow night you will watch my opponent on these same channels. Hell try to defend all the exhausted ideas that have landed this state in the gutter. You wait, hell pretend hes saying something new. But thats the way it goes in politics, and Ill let him make his little speech. Freedom of choice is what America is all about. | | | A)| Circumstantial ad hominem| | | B)| Burden of proof| | | C)| Begging the question| | | D)| Poisoning the well| | | E)| Perfectionist fallacy| | | | | | | | 17 INCORRECT| | Either you floss daily or your teeth look pathetic. | | | A)| Genetic fallacy| | | B)| False dilemma| | | C)| Burden of proof| | | D)| Line-drawing fallacy| | | E)| Perfectionist fallacy| | | | | | | | 18 INCORRECT| | I beg to differ, Officer, but sometimes you people go overboard talking about the dangers of fast driving. If you can prove that theres actually a child near the street right now, and that the child would have stepped out in front of my car, then Ill grant you that going fifty-five was dangerous. | | | A)| False dilemma| | | B)| Slippery slope| | | C)| Begging the question| | | D)| Burden of proof| | | E)| Perfectionist fallacy| | | | | | | | 19 INCORRECT| | The life on other planets must be highly intelligent. After all, weve never documented a single case of aliens landing on Earth—which proves that they realize how dangerous it would be to make contact. | | A)| Appeal to ignorance| | | B)| Burden of proof| | | C)| Begging the question| | | D)| Perfectionist fallacy| | | E)| Line-drawing fallacy| | | | | | | | 20 INCORRECT| | Ms. Turnier gave me extra homework for running in class. She has a rule against it. But I told her, I wasnt running, I was walking. One foot was in front of the other. Maybe I went fast, but where is it in her book of rules that suddenly thats running? | | | A)| Line-drawing fallacy| | | B)| Poisoning the well| | | C)| Slippery slope| | | D)| Begging the question| | | E)| Perfectionist fallacy| | | | | | | 21 INCORRECT| | Dont stay in the Army. You were ROTC instead of going to one of the academies, and that means they might promote you for a while, but youll never get above lieutenant colonel. Why bother? | | | A)| False dilemma| | | B)| Circumstantial ad hominem| | | C)| Slippery slope| | | D)| Line-drawing fallacy| | | E)| Perfectionist fallacy| | | | | | | | 22 INCORRECT| | Ms. Ng said to tell you Im not reading enough. But I dont think you should worry. Shes a teacher, so she has reading on her mind. | | | A)| False dilemma| | | B)| Appeal to ignorance| | C)| Circumstantial ad hominem| | | D)| Burden of proof| | | E)| Begging the question| | | | | | | | 23 INCORRECT| | How do you like those developers trying to raise the sales tax to pay for the new stadium? They say its going to be profitable for the city. If its so prof itable, why dont they build it out of their own money and really get rich? | | | A)| Appeal to ignorance| | | B)| False dilemma| | | C)| Slippery slope| | | D)| Burden of proof| | | E)| Line-drawing fallacy| | | | | | | | 24 INCORRECT| | Do I want the police department to take charge of writing parking tickets? You mean, do I want to get shot if I pull up next to a fire hydrant? What do you think? | | | A)| False dilemma| | | B)| Appeal to ignorance| | | C)| Begging the question| | | D)| Perfectionist fallacy| | | E)| Straw man| | | | | | | | 25 CORRECT| | Madam President, I dont see how we can go ahead with this curricular revision. The committee is worried about students not getting a good liberal arts education; but when you look closely at the details of the proposal, you see that a shrewd student can still worm through with the right course selections and wind up uneducated. | | A)| Circumstantial ad hominem| | | B)| Burden of proof| | | C)| Begging the question| | | D)| Line-drawing fallacy| | | E)| Perfectionist fallacy| | | | | | Feedback: If the proposed curriculum is the best one critiqued by the committee, then the fact that it is possible that a very small percentage of students might get through the system without taking advantage of the educational opportunities is an accep table risk. It would be irrational to reject it for not being perfect (especially since nothing better is on the table). | | 26 INCORRECT| | What do you mean, I broke my curfew? All I did was walk to the curb. You wouldnt cite me if I stood on the porch, would you? And if Id just stepped off the porch, that wouldnt be any different. So whats so magical about the curb? | | | A)| False dilemma| | | B)| Genetic fallacy| | | C)| Line-drawing fallacy| | | D)| Burden of proof| | | E)| Perfectionist fallacy| | | | | | | | 7 INCORRECT| | Ladies and gentlemen of the jury: My clients civil rights are at stake. Its true that he pointed at the victim and told the other men with him, Thats the one who cost you your jobs. Get him! But that was only his expression of his opinion. You have to either let a man speak his mind, or admit that were living in a police state. | | | A)| Slippery slope| | | B)| Burden of proof| | | C)| False dilemma| | | D)| Perfectionist fallacy| | | E)| Straw man| | | | | | | Bott om of Form Bottom of Form

Porter Essays - Critical Thinking, Narratology, Rhetoric, Proverb

Porter I: Organizational Pattern: Rogerian Christa Porter examines what a true friend is. She does this by establishing a presentation with a Rogerian pattern as it's basis. This pattern is seen in several aspects mentioned by Porter, the more obvious aspect is when she invites the audience to give their opinion of what a true friend is. Porter is basically discovering what the listener's positions are when asking what they think a true friend is. Porter also reveals her pattern choice when she presents her own ideas, primarily supported by relevant Bible scriptures. II: Elaborative Devices: Q & A, Rhetorical Questions, Religion, Definition (operational), Discussion, Proverbs Christa Porter developed her argument and presentation thoroughly by including a slew of elaboration devices. Initially, Porter feels including a short discussion of what the listeners already know, what a friend is, would be very affective. Rhetorical questions play a role in Porter's development of her presentation, she asks the audience several of these questions relating to what they would do, think and know. Definitions can be useful, especially when you are trying to invite the listeners to disclose what they think the meaning of something is. Porter uses an operational definition to accomplish the task of defining what a true friend is and does Lastly, Porter takes full advantage of the effectiveness of the usage of Proverbs and religion by using several verses from Proverbs as support for her argument. III: Interactional Goal: To Articulate a Perspective One of the easier elements to point out is Porter's interactional goal, which happens to be articulating a perspective. To see this interactional goal at work just simply take a step back and look at how she develops her presentation. Porter shares information about what a true friend is and then presents her point of view about friendship. She additionally encourages others to become involved in the presentation and discussion. IV: Conclusion Porter's conclusion is short but somewhat effective. I recall when you mentioned in class that the conclusion should actually be a bit longer than those mentioned in our textbooks. Porter sets up her conclusion by providing a situation that shows the elements of a true friendship. The conclusion is accomplished when she compares and contrasts the given situation with a hypothetical friendship with God. V: Commitment Statement: This element is one of the easier pieces to disect from the presentation, mainly because of it's structure. Porter takes what you called ?the easy way out?, by using the phrase, ?today we are going to talk about something?. Basically Porter's commitment statement is, she wants to talk about a familiar topic (friendship) while receiving new ideas from the listeners. VI: Opening & Closing: I saved this analysis for last, because I feel she spent the least amount of time developing these elements within her presentation. First of all her opening consists of only ?Good Morning Y'all?, granted it is a Sunday School class, it still, I feel, requires a more elaborative style. For example, she could have said, ?Good Morning Everyone, God is good and worthy to be praised, etc. Something along those lines would have been more appropriate. VII: Compare & Contrast: Porter made some wise choices as well as bad choices. Even though the setting and audience are relatively neutral, because they all know each other, I feel Porter's opening would have been more effective if slang and trendy word choices had not been used. As far as bad choices or elements, Porter did not include any such further aspects within her presentation. On the other hand, Porter's wise choices were made when she used that small discussion at the beginning of the presentation. This discussion enticed the listeners to recall information about realistic relevant happenings in their lives. This sort of provoking is what is necessary to the persuasive nature of Sunday School. Another wise choice is when Porter chose to include an explanation of what a true friend is and how that friend may act in a given situation. This was effective primarially because it allowed the listeners to establish a sense of nostalgia within past and present friendships. VIII: Lastly, Porter's closing is somewhat embedded within her conclusion. She mention's that the point of her presentation is trusting in God, but does not add any good-byes, thank yous or at least

Porter Essays - Critical Thinking, Narratology, Rhetoric, Proverb

Porter I: Organizational Pattern: Rogerian Christa Porter examines what a true friend is. She does this by establishing a presentation with a Rogerian pattern as it's basis. This pattern is seen in several aspects mentioned by Porter, the more obvious aspect is when she invites the audience to give their opinion of what a true friend is. Porter is basically discovering what the listener's positions are when asking what they think a true friend is. Porter also reveals her pattern choice when she presents her own ideas, primarily supported by relevant Bible scriptures. II: Elaborative Devices: Q & A, Rhetorical Questions, Religion, Definition (operational), Discussion, Proverbs Christa Porter developed her argument and presentation thoroughly by including a slew of elaboration devices. Initially, Porter feels including a short discussion of what the listeners already know, what a friend is, would be very affective. Rhetorical questions play a role in Porter's development of her presentation, she asks the audience several of these questions relating to what they would do, think and know. Definitions can be useful, especially when you are trying to invite the listeners to disclose what they think the meaning of something is. Porter uses an operational definition to accomplish the task of defining what a true friend is and does Lastly, Porter takes full advantage of the effectiveness of the usage of Proverbs and religion by using several verses from Proverbs as support for her argument. III: Interactional Goal: To Articulate a Perspective One of the easier elements to point out is Porter's interactional goal, which happens to be articulating a perspective. To see this interactional goal at work just simply take a step back and look at how she develops her presentation. Porter shares information about what a true friend is and then presents her point of view about friendship. She additionally encourages others to become involved in the presentation and discussion. IV: Conclusion Porter's conclusion is short but somewhat effective. I recall when you mentioned in class that the conclusion should actually be a bit longer than those mentioned in our textbooks. Porter sets up her conclusion by providing a situation that shows the elements of a true friendship. The conclusion is accomplished when she compares and contrasts the given situation with a hypothetical friendship with God. V: Commitment Statement: This element is one of the easier pieces to disect from the presentation, mainly because of it's structure. Porter takes what you called ?the easy way out?, by using the phrase, ?today we are going to talk about something?. Basically Porter's commitment statement is, she wants to talk about a familiar topic (friendship) while receiving new ideas from the listeners. VI: Opening & Closing: I saved this analysis for last, because I feel she spent the least amount of time developing these elements within her presentation. First of all her opening consists of only ?Good Morning Y'all?, granted it is a Sunday School class, it still, I feel, requires a more elaborative style. For example, she could have said, ?Good Morning Everyone, God is good and worthy to be praised, etc. Something along those lines would have been more appropriate. VII: Compare & Contrast: Porter made some wise choices as well as bad choices. Even though the setting and audience are relatively neutral, because they all know each other, I feel Porter's opening would have been more effective if slang and trendy word choices had not been used. As far as bad choices or elements, Porter did not include any such further aspects within her presentation. On the other hand, Porter's wise choices were made when she used that small discussion at the beginning of the presentation. This discussion enticed the listeners to recall information about realistic relevant happenings in their lives. This sort of provoking is what is necessary to the persuasive nature of Sunday School. Another wise choice is when Porter chose to include an explanation of what a true friend is and how that friend may act in a given situation. This was effective primarially because it allowed the listeners to establish a sense of nostalgia within past and present friendships. VIII: Lastly, Porter's closing is somewhat embedded within her conclusion. She mention's that the point of her presentation is trusting in God, but does not add any good-byes, thank yous or at least

Ritual Objects of Ancient Taino

Ritual Objects of Ancient Taino A zemà ­ (also zemi, zeme or cemi) is a collective term in the Caribbean Taà ­no (Arawak) culture for sacred thing, a spirit symbol or personal effigy. The Taà ­no were the people met by Christopher Columbus when he first set foot on the island of Hispaniola in the West Indies. To the Taà ­no, zemà ­ was/is an abstract symbol, a concept imbued with the power to alter circumstances and social relations. Zemis are rooted in ancestor worship, and although they are not always physical objects, those that have a concrete existence have a multitude of forms. The simplest and earliest recognized zemis were roughly carved objects in the form of an isosceles triangle (three-pointed zemis); but zemis can also be quite elaborate, highly detailed human or animal effigies embroidered from cotton or carved from sacred wood. Christopher Columbuss Ethnographer Elaborate zemà ­s were incorporated into ceremonial belts and clothing; they often had long names and titles, according to Ramà ³n Panà ©. Panà © was a friar of the Order of Jerome, who was hired by Columbus to live in Hispaniola between 1494 and 1498 and make a study of Taà ­no belief systems. Panà ©s published work is called Relacià ³n acerca de las antigà ¼edades de los indios, and it makes Panà © one of the earliest ethnographers of the new world. As reported by Panà ©, some  zemà ­s included bones or bone fragments of ancestors; some zemà ­s were said to speak to their owners, some made things grow, some made it rain, and some made the winds blow. Some of them were reliquaries, kept in gourds or baskets suspended from the rafters of communal houses. Zemis were guarded, venerated and regularly fed. Arieto ceremonies were held every year during which zemà ­s were draped with cotton clothing and offered baked cassava bread, and zemi origins, histories, and power were recited through songs and music. Three Pointed Zemà ­s Three-pointed zemà ­s, like the one illustrating this article, are commonly found in Taà ­no archaeological sites, as early as the Saladoid period of Caribbean history (500 BC-1 BC). These mimic a mountain silhouette, with the tips decorated with human faces, animals, and other mythical beings. Three-pointed zemà ­s are sometimes randomly dotted with circles or circular depressions. Some scholars suggest that three-pointed zemis imitate the shape of cassava tubers: cassava, also known as manioc, was an essential food staple and also an important symbolic element of Taà ­no life. The three-pointed zemis were sometimes buried in the soil of a garden. They were said, according to Panà ©, to help with the growth of the plants. The circles on the three-pointed zemà ­s may represent tuber eyes, germination points which may or may not develop into suckers or new tubers. Zemi Construction Artifacts representing zemà ­s were made from a wide range of materials: wood, stone, shell, coral, cotton, gold, clay and human bones. Among the most preferred material to make zemà ­s was wood of specific trees such as mahogany (caoba), cedar, blue mahoe, the lignum vitae or guyacan, which is also referred to as holy wood or wood of life. The silk cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra) was also important to Taà ­no culture, and tree trunks themselves were often recognized as zemà ­s. Wooden anthropomorphic zemà ­s have been found all over the Greater Antilles, especially Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, and the Dominican Republic. These figures often bear gold or shell inlays within the eye-inlets. Zemà ­ images were also carved on rocks and cave walls, and these images could also transfer supernatural power to landscape elements. Role of Zemis in Taino Society Possession of the elaborated zemà ­s by Taino leaders (caciques) was a sign of his/her privileged relations with the supernatural world, but zemis werent restricted to leaders or shamans. According to Father Panà ©, most of the Taà ­no people living on Hispaniola owned one or more zemà ­s. Zemis represented not the power of the person who owned them, but the allies the person could consult and venerate. In this way, zemis provided contact for every Taino person with the spiritual world. Sources Atkinson L-G. 2006. The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaica Taà ­no, University of the West Indies Press, Jamaica. de Hostos A. 1923. Three-pointed stone zemà ­ or idols from the West Indies: an interpretation. American Anthropologist 25(1):56-71. Hofman CL, and Hoogland MLP. 1999. Expansion of the Taà ­no cacicazgos towards the Lesser Antilles. Journal de la Socià ©tà © des Amà ©ricanistes 85:93-113. doi: 10.3406/jsa.1999.1731 Moorsink J. 2011. Social Continuity in the Caribbean Past: A Mai son-Perspective on Cultural Continuity. Caribbean Connections 1(2):1-12. Ostapkowicz J. 2013. ‘Made †¦ With Admirable Artistry’: The Context, Manufacture, and History of a Taà ­no Belt. The Antiquaries Journal 93:287-317. doi: 10.1017/S0003581513000188 Ostapkowicz J, and Newsom L. 2012. â€Å"Gods †¦ Adorned with the Embroiderers Needle†: The Materials, Making and Meaning of a Taà ­no Cotton Reliquary. Latin American Antiquity 23(3):300-326. doi: 10.7183/1045-6635.23.3.300 Saunders NJ. 2005. The Peoples of the Caribbean. An Encyclopedia of Archaeology and Traditional Culture. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California. Saunders NJ, and Gray D. 1996. Zemà ­s, trees, and symbolic landscapes: three Taà ­no carvings from Jamaica. Antiquity 70(270):801-812. doi: :10.1017/S0003598X00084076

Your choice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Your choice - Research Paper Example There have also been guidelines that have been given by other government agencies and recommendations on management and prevention of further infection of the disease. Staying health is a factor that is considered in management of the patients. In this aspect, management of the patients should include taking medication as directed. When medicine is not taken as directed, there is lowering the level of immunity that defends the body causing the level of virus in the body to go up (Wnuk, 2008).This reduces the effectiveness of medicine when they are taken. In staying healthy, one should tell the doctor if there are side effects as a result of using to help the doctor help with dealing with the side effects. Telling about the status is a management practice that should also be considered. One infected with HIV should make sure that the other partners are aware of the status. This will make them be able to take care and reduce the risk of contracting the infection. Management of this situation should involve contacting health departments who offer partner services to help the partners about the exposure. Through the services, the staff is able to find drug and sex partners to tell them the risk of being exposed to HIV and STDs. Not taking risk is a management practice that should be considered in management. HIV is spread through body fluids. The most common spread of the disease is through unprotected sex and through sharing sharp objects and other drug equipment. Viral load is important in a person living with the infection since the higher the viral infection, the higher the risk of spreading the virus. Protection aspect is important. When there are other infections that occur in a person living with the infection, there should be no taking chances. The person should get tested and treated for the infections. A person with HIV and other infections

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Art - Essay Example The social protest was unique to each of their respective countries. David’s Oath of the Horatii looks like a scene out of Roman history. Three young Romans swear allegiance to Rome and their family in this portrait. The crying women represent Horatii women that are either sister to the enemy or engaged to the enemy. The men act on their allegiance alone, while the women listen to their heart. This painting was completed several years before the French Revolution, but the painting was a protest of the politics of the time. Aristocrats were blindly following the French monarchy, but businessmen and the poor were acting on their hearts. Blind loyalty only leads to destruction, just like the soldiers and just like the French monarch. Hogarth’s Rake’s Progress is a series of eight paintings. The titles are The Heir, The Levee, The Orgy, The Arrest, The Marriage, The Gaming House, The Prison, and The Madhouse. Each one of these paintings tells a story about the heir. He takes his inheritance and squanders it away. Eventually the heir ends up in the asylum. The moral of the story is if a man does not work and earn their money it is not as valued. Inherited money is easily squandered. Once the heir was led astray with an abundance of money, his life went downhill due to the vices money can buy. If he would have earned his money, maybe he would not have so easily parted with it. The similarities between David’s Oath of the Horatii and Hogarth’s Rake’s Progress are the presence of classes and a message against the wealthy. A ruling class, lower class, military class, man class, and women class were present in both of these men’s works. While David might not have shown the classes side by side, or only a man and women class, the implied classes were present. Hogarth painted different classes and even contrasted them. For example, the madmen at the asylum and the woman dressed in high fashion showed the contrast

Business Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Environment - Assignment Example There are three types of business structures which are sole ownership, partnership, and corporation. Each of the three options available has its advantages and disadvantages. Sole ownership is considered the easiest type of organization to set up. If you are eager to start the computer business right away you should seriously considered the sole ownership option. To start a sole ownership business all you need to do is report your business income and expenses on your Form 1040 Schedule C (Perez, 2011). The filing of taxes is performed at the end of year. A business can choose to either go with the natural year or a fiscal year. The natural year end on December 31, 2011. The fiscal year refers to the passage of one full year after the business is started. For example if your company starting operating of March 1, 2011 the end of the fiscal year would be February 28, 2012. The owner of a small business is typically the manager of the operation. If you choose this option you have be pre pared to work long hours because you will be the person in charge. Usually only a relatively small amount of money or capital is necessary to start a business as a proprietorship (Weygand & Kieso & Kimmel, 2002). One of the disadvantages of choosing sole proprietorship is that the owner is personally liable for the debts of the entire business. There is no distinction between the business and its owner. The second type of organizational structure you can chose for your computer business is partnership. A partnership can be defined as a business owned by two or more persons. Each person in a partnership contributes money, property, labor, skill, and expects to share in the profits or losses of the business (Irs, 2010). A partnership agreement sets forth the terms of the partnership which includes initial investment, duties of each partner, and division of income. The friend that will be working with you in the business can either be an employee or a partner. If you need additional in vestment you should consider talking to your friend in order to arrange a partnership agreement. Also you can make your friend a partner in order to avoid paying him a salary. Instead the person would get paid in for of income redistribution. â€Å"A partnership must file an annual information return to report income, deductions, and gains, etc., from its operations, but is does not pay income taxes† (Irs, 2010). The fact that partnerships do not pay income taxes is an advantage of this type of business structure. The third type of business structure is the corporation. A corporation can be defined as a business organization organized as a separate legal entity under state corporation law and having ownership divided into transferable shares of stock. (Weygandt, et. al. , 2002). A corporation is a completely separate legal entity from its owner. This means that if the business fails the owner is not legally responsible for the debt of the corporation. Due to the fact that the chances of succeeding in a new business project are low you should seriously considered the corporate structure. The truth about starting a new business is that 50% of new businesses fail within the first year and 95% seize to exist within five years (Schaefer, 2010). There many advantages associated with starting a business in the form of a corporation. The advantages of the corporate structure are listed below: Shareholders have limited liability Corporations can

Framework For Understanding Organizational Ethics Commerce Essay

Framework For Understanding Organizational Ethics Commerce Essay Organizational ethics is one of the most important, yet perhaps one of the most overlooked and misunderstood concepts in corporate America and schools of business. Organizational ethics initiatives have not been effectively implemented by many corporations, and there is still much debate concerning the usefulness of such initiatives in preventing ethical and legal misconduct. Simultaneously, business schools are attempting to teach courses and/or integrate organizational ethics into their curricula without general agreement about what should be taught, or how it should be taught. Societal norms require that businesses assume responsibility and ensure that ethical standards are properly implemented on a daily basis. Such a requirement is not without controversy. Some business leaders believe that personal moral development and character are all that are needed for effective organizational ethics. These business leaders are supported by certain business educators who believe ethics initiatives should arise inherently from corporate culture and that hiring ethical employees will limit unethical behavior within the organization. A contrary position, and the one espoused here, is that effective organizational ethics can only be achieved by proactive leadership whereby employees from diverse backgrounds are provided a common understanding of what is defined as ethical behavior through formal training, thus creating an ethical organizational climate. In addition, changes are needed in the regulatory system, in the organizational ethics initiatives of business school s, and in societal approaches to the development and implementation of organizational ethics in corporate America. According to Richard L. Schmalensee, Dean of the MIT Sloan School of Management, the question is, How can we produce graduates who are more conscious of their potential . . . and their obligation as professionals to make a positive contribution to society? He stated that business schools should be held partly responsible for the cadre of managers more focused on short-term games to beat the market rather than building lasting value for shareholders and society (Schmalensee 2003). This introductory chapter provides an overview of the organizational ethical decision making process. It begins with a discussion of how ethical decisions are made and then offers a framework for understanding organizational ethics that is consistent with research, best practices, and regulatory developments.Using this framework, the chapter then discusses how ethical decisions are made in the context of an organization and poses some illustrative ethical issues that need to be addressed in organizational ethics. Defining Organizational Ethics Ethics has been termed the study and philosophy of human conduct, with an emphasis on the determination of right and wrong. For managers, ethics in the workplace refers to rules (standards, principles) governing the conduct of organization members. Most definitions of ethics relate rules to what is right or wrong in specific situations. For present purposes, and in simple terms, organizational ethics refers to generally accepted standards that guide behavior in business and other organizational contexts (LeClair, Ferrell, and Fraedrich 1998).1 One difference between an ordinary decision and an ethical one is that accepted rules may not apply and the decision maker must weigh values in a situation that he or she may not have faced before. Another difference is the amount of emphasis placed on a persons values when making an ethical decision. Whether a specific behavior is judged right or wrong, ethical or unethical, is often determined by the mass media, interest groups, the legal system, and individuals personal morals. While these groups are not necessarily right, their judgments influence societys acceptance or rejection of an organization and its activities. Consequently, values and judgments play a critical role in ethical decision making, and society may institutionalize them through legislation and social sanctions or approval. Individual vs. Organization Most people would agree that high ethical standards require both organizations and individuals to conform to sound moral principles. However, special factors must be considered when applying ethics to business organizations. First, to survive, businesses must obviously make a profit. Second, businesses must balance their desire for profits against the needs and desires of society. Maintaining this balance often requires compromises or tradeoffs. To address these unique aspects of organizational ethics, society has developed rules-both explicit (legal) and implicit-to guide owners, managers, and employees in their efforts to earn profits in ways that do not harm individuals or society as a whole. Addressing organizational ethics must acknowledge its existence in a complex system that includes many stakeholders that cooperate, provide resources, often demand changes to encourage or discourage certain ethical conduct, and frequently question the balancing of business and social interest s. Unfortunately, the ethical standards learned at home, in school, through religion, and in the community are not always adequate preparation for ethical pressures found in the workplace. Organizational practices and policies often create pressures, opportunities, and incentives that may sway employees to make unethical decisions. We have all seen news articles describing some decent, hard-working family person who engaged in illegal or unethical activities. The Wall Street Journal (Pullman 2003) reported that Betty Vinson, a midlevel accountant for WorldCom, Inc., was asked by her superiors to make false accounting entries. Ms. Vinson balked a number of times but then caved in to management and made illegal entries to bolster WorldComs profits. At the end of 18 months she had helped falsify at least $3.7 billion in profits. When an employees livelihood is on the line, it is difficult to say no to a powerful boss. At the time this chapter was written, Ms. Vinson was awaiting sentencing on conspiracy and securities fraud and preparing her 12 year old daughter for the possibility that she will be incarcerated. Importance of Understanding Organization Ethics Understanding organizational ethics is important in developing ethical leadership. An individuals personal values and moral philosophies are but one factor in decision-making processes involving potential legal and ethical problems. True, moral rules can be related to a variety of situations in life, and some people do not distinguish everyday ethical issues from those that occur on the job. Of concern, however, is the application of rules in a work environment. Just being a good person and, in your own view, having sound personal ethics may not be sufficient to handle the ethical issues that arise in the workplace. It is important to recognize the relationship between legal and ethical decisions. While abstract virtues such as honesty, fairness, and openness are often assumed to be self-evident and accepted by all employees, a high level of personal, moral development may not prevent an individual from violating the law in an organizational context, where even experienced lawyers debate the exact meaning of the law. Some organizational ethics perspectives assume that ethics training is for people who have unacceptable personal moral development, but that is not necessarily the case. Because organizations are comprised of diverse individuals whose personal values should be respected, agreement regarding workplace ethics is as vital as other managerial decisions. For example, would an organization expect to achieve its strategic mission witho ut communicating the mission to employees? Would a firm expect to implement a customer relationship management system without educating every employee on his or her role in the system? Workplace ethics needs to be treated similarly-with clear expectations as to what comprises legal and ethical conduct. Employees with only limited work experience sometimes find themselves making decisions about product quality, advertising, pricing, hiring practices, and pollution control. The values that they bring to the organization may not provide specific guidelines for these complex decisions, especially when the realities of work objectives, group decision making, and legal issues come into play. Many ethics decisions are close calls.Years of experience in a particular industry may be required to know what is acceptable, and what is not acceptable. Even experienced managers need formal training about workplace ethics to help identify legal and ethical issues. Changing regulatory requirements and ethical concerns, such as workplace privacy issues, make the ethical decision-making process very dynamic. With the establishment of values and training, a manager will be in a better position to assist employees and provide ethical leadership. Understanding Ethical Decision Making It is helpful to consider the question of why and how people make ethical decisions. Typically it is assumed that people make difficult decisions within an organization in the same way they resolve difficult issues in their personal lives. Within the context of organizations, however, few managers or employees have the freedom to decide ethical issues independently of workplace pressures. Philosophers, social scientists, and various academics have attempted to explain the ethical decision-making process in organizations by examining pressures such as the influence of coworkers and organizational culture, and individual-level factors such as personal moral philosophy. Figure 1.1 presents a model of decision making. This model synthesizes current knowledge of ethical decision making in the workplace within a framework that has strong support in the literature (e.g., Ferrell and Gresham 1985; Ferrell, Gresham, and Fraedrich 1989; Hunt and Vitell 1986; Jones 1991; Trevino 1986). The model shows that the perceived intensity of ethical and legal issues, individual factors (e.g., moral development and personal moral philosophy), and organizational factors (e.g., organizational culture and coworkers) collectively influence whether a person will make an unethical decision at work. While it is impossible to describe precisely how or why an individual or work group might make such a decision, it is possible to generalize about average or typical behavior patterns within organizations. Each of the models components is briefly described below; note that the model is practical because it describes the elements of the decision-making process over which organiza tions have some control. ________________________________________________________________________ Figure 1.1 Framework for Understanding Ethical Decision Making in the Workplace Individual Personal moral factors philosophy Stage of moral development factors Ethical issue intensity Organizational factors Organizational culture Coworkers and superiors Opportunity Ethical/Unethical, Decision ________________________________________________________________________ Ethical Issue Intensity One of the first factors to influence the decision-making process is how important or relevant a decision maker perceives an issue to be, that is, the intensity of the issue (Jones 1991). The intensity of a particular issue is likely to vary over time and among individuals and is influenced by the values, beliefs, needs, and perceptions of the decision maker; the special characteristics of the situation; and the personal pressures weighing on the decision. All of the factors explored in this chapter, including personal moral development and philosophy, organizational culture, and coworkers, determine why different people perceive issues with varying intensity (Robin, Reidenbach, and Forrest 1996). Unless individuals in an organization share some common concerns about specific ethical issues, the stage is set for conflict. Ethical issue intensity reflects the sensitivity of the individual, work group, or organization, and triggers the ethical decision-making process. Management can influence ethical issue intensity through rewards and punishments, codes of conduct, and organizational values. In other words, managers can affect the perceived importance of ethical issues through positive and negative incentives (Robin, Reidenbach, and Forrest 1996). If management fails to identify and educate employees about problem areas, these issues may not reach the critical awareness level of some employees. New employees who lack experience in a particular industry, for example, may have trouble identifying both ethical and legal issues. Employees therefore need to be trained as to how the organization wants specific ethical issues handled. Identifying ethical issues that employees might encounter is a significant step in developing employees ability to make decisions that enhance organizational ethics. New federal regulations that hold both organizations and their employees responsible for misconduct require organizations to assess areas of ethical and legal risk. Based on both the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the United States Sentencing Commission guidelines, there are strong directives to encourage ethical leadership. If ethical leadership fails, especially in corporate governance, there are significant penalties. When organizations communicate to employees that certain issues are important, the intensity of the issues is elevated. The more employees appreciate the importance of an issue, the less likely they are to engage in questionable behavior associated with the issue. Therefore, ethical issue intensity should be considered a key factor in the decision-making process because there are many opportunities for an organization to influence and educate employees on the importance of high risk issues. Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, boards of directors are required to provide oversight for all auditing activities and are responsible for developing ethical leadership. In addition, court decisions related to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations hold board members responsible for the ethical and legal compliance programs of the firms they oversee. New rules and regulations associated with Sarbanes-Oxley require that boards include members who are knowledgeable and qualified to oversee accounting and other types of audits to ensure that these reports are accurate and include all information material to ethics issues. A boards financial audit committee is required to implement codes of ethics for top financial officers. Many of the codes relate to corporate governance, such as compensation, stock options, and conflicts of interest. Individual Factors One of the greatest challenges facing the study of organizational ethics involves the role of individuals and their values. Although most of us would like to place the primary responsibility for decisions with individuals, years of research point to the primacy of organizational factors in determining ethics at work (e.g., Ferrell and Gresham 1985). However, individual factors are obviously important in the evaluation and resolution of ethical issues. Two significant factors in workplace integrity are an individuals personal moral philosophy and stage of moral development. Personal Moral Philosophy Ethical conflict occurs when people encounter situations that they cannot easily control or resolve. In such situations, people tend to base their decisions on their own principles of right or wrong and act accordingly in their daily lives. Moral philosophies-the principles or rules that individuals use to decide what is right or wrong-are often cited to justify decisions or explain behavior. People learn these principles and rules through socialization by family members, social groups, religion, and formal education. There is no universal agreement on the correct moral philosophy to use in resolving ethical and legal issues in the workplace. Moreover, research suggests that employees may apply different moral philosophies in different decision situations (Fraedrich and Ferrell 1992). And, depending on the situation, people may even change their value structure or moral philosophy when making decisions. Individuals make decisions under pressure and may later feel their decisions were less than acceptable, but they may not be able to change the consequences of their decisions. Stage of Moral Development One reason people may change their moral philosophy has been proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg, who suggested that people progress through stages in their development of moral reasoning. Kohlberg contended that different people make different decisions when confronted with similar ethical situations because they are at different stages of what he termed cognitive moral development (Kohlberg 1969). He believed that people progress through the following three stages: The pre-conventional stage of moral development, in which individuals focus on their own needs and desires. The conventional stage of moral development, in which individuals focus on group-centered values and conforming to expectations. The principled stage of moral development, in which individuals are concerned with upholding the basic rights, values, and rules of society. Obviously there is some overlap among these stages, such that cognitive moral development should probably be viewed as more of a continuum than a series of discrete stages. Although Kohlberg did not specifically apply his theory of cognitive moral development to organizations, its application helps in explaining how employees may reason when confronted with an ethical dilemma. Kohlbergs theory suggests that people may change their moral beliefs and behavior as they gain education and experience in resolving conflicts, which in turn accelerates their moral development. A question that arises is whether moral philosophy and moral development can predict ethical behavior in businesses and other organizations. Fraedrich and Ferrell (1992) found that only 15 percent of a sample of businesspersons maintained the same moral philosophy across both work and nonwork ethical decision-making situations. One explanation may be that cognitive moral development issues that relate to a persons nonwork (e.g., home, family) experiences are not the most significant factors in resolving ethical issues within an organization. The ethics and values of an individuals immediate work group, rather than his or her moral development, may be the most important consideration in determining ethical conduct in organizations. Nevertheless, most experts agree that a persons stage of moral development and personal moral philosophy play a role in how values and actions are shaped in the workplace. This may be especially true for top managers, who usually set the formal values of an organization. However, the informal use of these values and expectations plays a major role in the daily decisions that employees make. Many of these informal rules comprise the organizations ethical climate in the context of its corporate culture. Former Tyco International CEO Dennis Kozlowski set the leadership tone at his company and stood trial for allegedly taking $600 million in unauthorized bonuses, loans, stock sales, and other payments from the company. In his trial, the court wanted to know what the board of directors was doing while Kozlowski furnished his luxury Manhattan duplex with millions of dollars in rugs, china, and bookcases, and spent $1 million for his wifes birthday party-all billed to the company. Kozlowskis personal ethics were on trial, but his ethical leadership influenced everyone in the organization (McCoy 2003). Organizational Factors Although individuals must make ethical and legal decisions at work, it is also true that they often make these decisions in the context of committees and group meetings, and through discussions with colleagues. Decisions in the workplace are guided by an organizations culture and the influence of others-coworkers, supervisors, and subordinates. Organizational Culture Organizations, like societies, have cultures that include a shared set of values, beliefs, goals, norms, and ways to solve problems. As time passes, an organization comes to be seen as a living organism, with a mind and will of its own. Although most organizational cultures reinforce ethics, some organizations, like Tyco, create a culture that supports unethical decisions. If a company derives most of its profits from unethical or illegal activities, individuals who join this organization will have a difficult time surviving unless they too participate in these activities. For example, even though Enron had a code of ethics and was a member of the Better Business Bureau, the company was devastated by unethical activities and corporate scandal. According to Lynn Brewer, former Enron executive and author of House of Cards: Confessions of an Enron Executive, many Enron managers and employees knew the company was involved in illegal and unethical activities. Many executives and board members at Enron did not understand how organizational ethical decisions are made and how to develop an ethical corporate climate. They did not realize that top executives and boards of directors must provide ethical leadership and a system to resolve ethical issues. In the case of Enron, managers eventually paid for these ethical lapses through fines and imprisonment. The ethical climate of an organization is a significant element of organizational culture. Whereas an organizations overall culture establishes ideals that guide a wide range of member behaviors, the ethical climate focuses specifically on issues of right and wrong. The ethical climate of an organization is its character or conscience. Codes of conduct and ethics policies, top managements actions on ethical issues, the values and moral development and personal moral philosophies of coworkers, and the opportunity for misconduct all contribute to an organizations ethical climate. In fact, the ethical climate actually determines whether certain issues and decisions are perceived as having an ethical component. Organizations can manage their culture and ethical climate by trying to hire employees whose values match their own. Some organizations even measure potential employees values during the hiring process and strive to hire individuals who fit within the ethical climate rather than those whose beliefs and values differ significantly. As previously mentioned, some business leaders believe that hiring or promoting ethical managers will automatically produce an ethical organizational climate. However, individuals may have limited opportunity to apply their own personal ethics to management systems and decision making that occurs in the organization. Ethical leadership requires understanding best practices for organizational ethical compliance and a commitment to build an ethical climate. Over time, an organizations failure to monitor or manage its culture may foster questionable behavior. Sometimes entire industries develop a culture of preferential treatment and self- centered greed. The once conservative mutual fund industry found itself in a major scandal in 2003 related to allowing large customers to engage in short-term and after-hours trading, in violation of their own organizations rules. The mutual fund organizations gave hedge fund customers the right to make frequent trades in and out of funds, a practice not accorded ordinary investors. Firms such as Janus, Alliance Capital, and Pilgrim violated their own rules and now have legal problems. Another example of an unethical industry culture is reflected in New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzers settlement in which 10 major Wall Street firms were collectively fined a total of $1.4 billion because their investment bankers had exerted undue influence on securities research to enhance relationships with their investment banking customers (Anonymous 2004). Small investors were the victims of these unethical and illegal cultures of preferential relationships with certain customers. The Influence of Coworkers and Supervisors Just as employees look for certain types of employers, they are also particular about the people with whom they work. Managers and coworkers within an organization help people deal with unfamiliar tasks and provide advice and information in both formal and informal contexts on a daily basis. A manager may, for example, provide direction regarding certain workplace activities to be performed. Coworkers offer help in the form of discussions over lunch or when a supervisor is absent. In fact, one often hears new or younger employees discussing some fear about approaching the boss on a tough ethical issue. Thus, the role of informal culture cannot be underestimated. Numerous studies (e.g., Ferrell and Grisham 1985) confirm that coworkers and supervisors have more impact on an employees daily decisions than any other factor. In a work group environment, employees may be subject to the phenomenon of groupthink, where they go along with group decisions even when those decisions run counter to their own values. They may take refuge in the notion of safety in numbers, when everyone else appears to back a particular decision. Indeed, coworker peers can even change a persons original value system. This value change, whether temporary or permanent, is likely to be greater when a coworker is a supervisor, especially if the decision-maker is new to the organization. Employees may also resolve workplace issues by unquestionably following the directives of a supervisor. In a company that emphasizes respect for authority, an employee may feel obligated to carry out the orders of a superior even if those orders conflict with the employees values of right and wrong. Later, if a decision is judged to have been wrong, the employee is likely to say, I was only carrying out orders, or My boss told me to do it this way. Supervisors can also have a negative effect on conduct by setting a bad example or failing to supervise subordinates. ClearOne Communications Inc. relieved its CEO and CFO of their respective responsibilities after they were named as defendants in a complaint from the Securities and Exchange Commission (Wetzel 2003). A civil complaint alleged that they directed sales personnel to push extra products to customers beyond their orders to inflate sales and earnings. Eliminating such unethical managers within an organization can help improve its overall ethical conduct. In this case, it was alleged that the CEO and CFO not only directed unethical actions but also contributed to an unethical corporate climate. Finally, it should be mentioned in passing that individuals also learn ethical or unethical conduct from close colleagues and others with whom they interact regularly. Consequently, a decision maker who associates with others who behave unethically will be more likely to behave unethically as well. Opportunity Together, organizational culture and the influence of coworkers may foster conditions that limit or permit misconduct. When these conditions provide rewards for financial gain, recognition, promotion, or simply the good feeling from a job well done, the opportunity for unethical conduct may be encouraged or discouraged. For example, a company policy that does not provide for punishment of employees who violate a rule (e.g., not to accept large gifts from clients) provides an opportunity for unethical behavior. Bellizzi and Hasty (2003) found there is a general tendency to discipline top sales performers more leniently than poor sales performers for engaging in identical forms of unethical selling behavior. Neither a company policy stating that the behavior in question was unacceptable nor a repeated pattern of unethical behavior offset the general tendency to treat top sales performers more leniently than poor sales performers. A superior sales performance record appears to induce more lenient forms of discipline, despite the presence of other factors and managerial actions that are specifically instituted to produce more equal forms of discipline. Based on their research, Bellizzi and Hasty concluded that an opportunity exists for top sales performers to be more unethical than poor sales performers. Opportunity usually relates to employees immediate work situation-where they work, with whom they work, and the nature of the work. The specific work situation includes the motivational carrots and sticks that supervisors can use to influence employee behavior. Organizations can improve the likelihood of compliance with ethics policies by eliminating opportunities to engage in misconduct through the establishment of formal codes and rules that are adequately enforced. However, in the sales person example, it is possible that the codes and rules were not adequately implemented. It is important to note that opportunities for ethical misconduct cannot be eliminated without aggressive enforcement of codes and rules. One important conclusion that should be drawn from the framework presented here is that ethical decision making within an organization does not depend solely on individuals personal values and moral philosophies. Employees do not operate in a vacuum, and their decisions are strongly affected by the culture and ethical climate of the organization in which they work, pressures to perform, examples set by their supervisors and peers, and opportunities created by the presence or absence of ethics-related policies. Organizations take on an ethical climate of their own and have a significant influence on ethics among employees and within their industry and community. Ethical Issues This section briefly describes three highly visible ethical issues facing corporate America. The issues are presented to provide concrete examples of the types of misconduct that should be identified and prevented through organizational ethics programs and ethical leadership. An ethical decision is a problem situation requiring an organization or individual to choose among several actions that must be evaluated as right or wrong, ethical or unethical. Ethical issues are presented that have been associated with the major ethical scandals of the early 21st century.2 Conflict of Interest A conflict of interest exists when individuals must choose whether to advance their own interests, the interests of their organization, or the interests of some other group or individual. An illustrative alleged conflict of interest is when Citigroup made a $1 million donation to the 92nd Street YMCA nursery school as an alleged quid pro quo so that financial analyst Jack Grubmans children could attend the exclusive nursery. Grubman, an analyst for Salomon Smith Barney, supposedly upgraded his rating for ATT stock after Sanford Weill, CEO of Citigroup, the parent company of Salomon Smith Barney, agreed to use his influence with the nursery to gain admission for Grubmans children. Although Grubman denied elevating his rating for ATT to gain his childrens admission, they were in fact enrolled (Nelson and Cohen 2003). To avoid conflicts of interest, employees must be able to separate their private interests from their business dealings. Likewise, organizations must avoid conflicts of interest when providing goods and services. Arthur Andersen served as the outside auditor for Waste Management, Inc. while simultaneously providing consulting services to the firm. This led the Sec

Dichotomy of Colors in Poes The Masque (Mask) of the Red Death Essay

Dichotomy of Colors in The Masque of Red Death  Ã‚   In "The Masque of Red Death," Poe uses aural, visual, and kinetic images to create the effect of fear in a joyful masque. Poe starts off with a description of the "Red Death." He gives gory detail of how it seals one's fate with Blood. He tells of pain, horror and bleeding. Moreover, the pestilence kills quickly and alienates the sick. This is Poe's image of death. He only bothers to tell it's symptoms. He doesn't go into the fear present in the lives of people with the disease. He describes the scene of redness and blood streaming from the pores, the face. His description of the afflicted's pain also adds to the graphically explicit exposà © of the red death disease. The red death image is morbid and has a modern day counterpart that aids Poe in creating a wonderfully horrific scene. Many of the symptoms mentioned in Poe's red death fit the modern day Ebola. Both diseases are of unknown origin and attack quickly causing massive bleeding. Just as Ebola turned the society in Africa u pside down, Red Death encourages desperate Prospero to put up iron gates to protect himself. This disease is meant to cause fear in the people. Referring to Red Death, Poe draws comparisons to an Avatar, a god sent image. It implies a god given invincibility to Red Death and dooms the victim to alienation from society and a painful death. Just looking at the description -- imagining the scene -- creates that fear and horror. In contrast to the morbid images associated with red death, Poe describes a group of happy masqueraders. The central figure among the joyous people is Prince Prospero who, as suggested by his name, is prosperous and has tons of entertainment. He is not worried because his wh... ... go. That fear, manifested as Red Death, "stood erect and motionless within the shadow of the ebony clock ..." and all fall in death with his presence. Even the clock "went out with that of the last of the gay." Poe paints a dichotomy of bright, varied, and interesting colors contrasting with dark black. These colors blend, even though one may fight and try to protect itself against the other. Using aural as well as visual images, Poe presents to the reader the clock, a symbol for time, which lurks as an enemy waiting to unleash an inevitable horror on the masses. With this inevitable and explosive mixing, Poe paints a picture of happiness, gaiety, and liveliness, that decays into a dark abyss of the last, black apartment. Works Cited   Poe, Edgar Allen. "The Mask of the Red Death." The Works of Edgar Allen Poe. Ann Arbor, MI: State Street Press. 482-487.